7, human resources are the primary resources.
Can be seen from the above analysis, the economic level is not entirely determined by the per capita natural resources, population of a country does not determine the number of the socio-economic growth rate and living standard. The Arab Middle East countries have 60% of global oil, but not high level of social development, such as Saudi Arabia has the world's 1 / 4 oil resources, while Israel has not a drop of oil, even the lack of other resources, but Saudi Arabia's human development index (HDI) only 0.772 (with the Chinese equivalent), and Israel up to 0.915, Saudi Arabia's per capita GDP of Israel is only about 1 / 2, the unemployment rate is higher than Israel. Japan's lack of natural resources, Russia has abundant natural resources, but Japan's HDI in 2003 up to 0.943, only 0.795 Russia, Japan, GDP per capita in 2005 was $ 36,564, while Russia is only $ 5174, and Russia, the unemployment rate is almost twice that of Japan. ()
global share of China's population accounts for the beginning of the nineteenth century, the world's population 40% down to 25% of the early 20th century, then dropped to 20% now, and soon will drop to 15%. means that the global share of China's population accounts for nearly two hundred years in the fall by half. means that the information relative to the world average per capita level is increased by double. That is more than two years ago, the world average per capita resources are relatively the least, but that really is the Qianlong Period of prosperity, whether from the living standards of comprehensive national strength and per capita terms is considered a world power. Now China's per capita relative resources increased, but the relative strength and a reduced standard of living relative. we are talking about, on 40% of the population 50%, Japan's dependence on international resources, not to mention. resource consuming countries implemented by the global strategy is the inevitable choice. But the important thing is how can we change the hands of the advantages of resources to more resources need to be imported . ()
Deng Xiaoping once said that caused by inefficient use of a large number of non-ferrous mineral resources, but also repeated China's exports in foreign anti-dumping. the one hand, we use the On the one hand is in use resources? ()
In fact, China's most valuable resource is human resources, just as Mr. Zhong Dajun said: , not resources), in fact, population, abundant labor resources. is relied on such a large labor force, China has become the world's factory, became the production base in the world economy. Once a valuable resource to reduce the Chinese population, the impact will be not only the Chinese community and the Chinese economy, but the entire global economy The international community does not appreciate, has repeatedly asked China to increase wages, to revalue its currency.) squandered the one hand, cheap labor resources available, on the other hand limited labor resources, updates on what basis the development of China's future? () < br> As President Hu Jintao said: Human resources are the primary resources. who is the problems encountered in the development will be resolved one by one in order to resources use of energy has gone through the history of firewood, coal, oil three times the energy. In the era firewood, mainly borrowed from the animal power, wind (windmills), water (water tankers); 1765, the British invention of Watt's steam engine, making the former The almost ; non-resources coal, oil age, people need only spend a fraction of income can buy the necessary energy. future energy percentage of revenue will be even more reduced. energy every breakthrough in standards of living have led to improved quality. ()
now, it seems like a great energy, but only a temporary problem, and because China has abundant coal (also sufficient to use a hundred years), and water resources, to survive, and not to increase the population by reducing the per capita resources Chinese born after 1970, 700 million, even though a child will not grow, but also to the 2046 order to reduce to 7 million, but that time has basically loss of fertility of women, the Chinese people will be extinct, while the energy at that time is not a problem. a few years later, with the fusion [17], solar [18], hydrogen energy, biomass, geothermal, wind, ocean energy, tidal energy, wave energy, ocean thermal energy and salinity difference can, ice can, antimatter energy and other new energy development and utilization [19], human beings have entered a cheap and limitless energy era. energy problem once solved, other issues such as water resources (water recycling, purification, recycling, water transfer etc.), the food problem (low energy, the artificial light can make the land completely in the next room high-rise buildings, greatly reducing the cultivated land area and water needs of the use; energy low, the fertilizer is not a problem, fertilizer costs will be reduced, the Health Fertilizer can provide organic fertilizer material), environmental issues (the current release because of the pollution of coal and oil account for a large proportion), also can be resolved or eased. ()
8, the agricultural policies affecting food security and population structure not cultivated
Lester, director of the Worldwatch Institute, United States b Brown in 1994, which caused a sensation. Brown, compared to Japan, South Korea and Taiwan's industrialization process, that the process of industrialization because of food shortages caused by reduction of arable land. many people as Brown's forecast population problem in China has sounded the alarm, that in order to ensure food security, we must limit the population to continue family planning. Brown's prediction time span of 40 years: from 1990 to 2030. Over the past 15 years, Brown's forecasts have proven wrong. Zhensheng Academy has been refuted by the fact that the Brown opinion [20 ]. ()
Mr. Brown's forecast of China's population is untenable, he said, look at China's population growth in the first 40 years the number, you can let 40 years after the huge population growth become very clear .1950 ~ 1990, China's population increased by 571 million; take into account after a certain period of slow population growth factors, is expected to increase from 1990 to 2030, 4.9 billion or more. 1,143 million in 1990 China's population, according to Mr. Brown's prediction, China's population in 2000 1.307 billion, an increase of 10 163 million, but the fifth census in 2000 revealed that only 1.243 billion, an increase of only 100 million for 10 years, Bi Bulang forecast 40% less. Brown said 2017 China's population will reach 15 million 2045 16.6 million. In fact, not only the implementation of China's one-child policy in 1980, and the complete cessation of family planning, China's population can barely reach Brown's forecasts (and to achieve this figure, China's grain even no problem). ()
Brown to Japan, South Korea and Taiwan in the process of industrialization of 1.2% average annual reduction of arable land on fact, predicted that China's per capita arable land in 1990 from 0.08 hectares (1.2 acres ) decreased to 0.03 in 2030 hectares (0.45 acres), the prospects very serious concern. China's cultivated land will be reduced by half. Brown, is used in the last century 80's and 90's tradition of China's National Bureau of arable land, these data than was using satellite remote sensing of cultivated land area of serious small. According to the 2002 FAO data, China's 143 million hectares of cultivated land to population in 1990 was 0.125 ha per capita, not Brown, that the 0.08 ha. ()
reduction of cultivated area in China in recent years, mainly because the government requires ecological restoration, for example, 2002,2003 and 2004 accounted for a net ecological restoration area to reduce area of 84.5%, 88.2% and 91.6%. less arable land, only a small part of the land belonging to industrial and transportation. Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, arising in the course of industrialization of industrial and transportation land use of farmland, affecting food security, because these areas the proportion of total land area of agricultural land is too low. such as Japan and Korea, respectively, of agricultural land land area of only 14.2% and 19.6%, while the agricultural land area in China accounts for 59.4% of land area. After the occupation of China's industrialization will be far lower than the proportion of agricultural land in Japan, South Korea and China Taiwan. and the reduction of arable land in Japan and other regions, and also incomplete because of industrialization and use of farmland, but because of international food prices, there is not enough manpower engaged in agriculture, increasing forest cover in these areas as evidenced by the past, good farmland is converted to forest. ()
that is, Brown said the industrial and transport use of farmland will result in reduction of arable land in China which led to food shortages in China's view is untenable.
1979, after years of reform and opening up, because the household contract system and the state grain purchase and the price increase, greatly stimulated the enthusiasm of farmers, from 1980 to 1984, China's grain production increased rapidly. in the food year after year to increase production situation, the beginning of 1985 to the inhibition of food production policy, the abolition of food purchase and, to contract ordering, ordering food practice ; down Panax the effective stimulation of food technology promotion system of agricultural science and technology issues, failure to promote), and dampen the production of major grain producing areas and the FAO initiative, resulting in reduced grain sown area, total grain output in 1989 is only the level of 1984 .1990 years after the Government attaches great importance to food production, from inputs of capital and policies take a variety of ways to encourage the development of grain production, China's grain production decline out of stagnation in 1998 to 5.12 million tonnes (mainly attributable to increased yields, Because grain acreage since 1980, also down slightly.) grain glut, not buy out of state warehouses were full. national leaders for food is not the issue, Premier Zhu Rongji declared that Since 1999, China's grain production has emerged a continuous decline, and the grain sown area, yield and the overall decline in total output. By 2003, only 431 million tons of grain output. China declined in recent years, the nature of food production economic causes of the sharp decline in food production. farmers to sell food since 1995 the average price decline for many years, and the decrease greatly. the average selling price of grain in 1995 was 1.50 per kg, but by 2000 has dropped to less than 1 yuan / kg, a decrease of 36%. And yet the price of agricultural means of production continued to rise In 1995, net output in food production to reach 5,700 yuan / ha, but has rapidly decreased in subsequent years, only 2000 2900 yuan / ha [21] the Central Government to re-.2004 grain sown area for all the increase. visible impact food production per capita agricultural policy rather than land. ()
and with the economic, social and agricultural technology, future, green, white and blue tri-color agriculture into agricultural the direction of development [22].
green ecological agriculture based on green plants produce food by photosynthesis of chlorophyll agriculture. At present, China does not fully cultivated land in China there are about 2 / 3 of the arable land is in the low-yielding fields, tons grain co-founder of the Northern Agricultural University Professor Wang Shuan that the yield per unit area of agricultural land there is considerable potential to improve. good job quality and high yield varieties, mulching, fertilization, dry farming, water-saving irrigation, modeling cultivation of low-yielding farmland, adjusting the agricultural structure, agricultural storage and preservation, processing of agricultural products, vegetables and other promotional items such as counter-season cultivation, green ecological agriculture in China has great potential. China's 60 million mu of grassland is still on the contribution of the current food low potential. ()
white is protein engineering of agricultural engineering, cell engineering and enzyme engineering for the foundation, because it is a high degree of cleanliness in the factory of production, everyone will wear white overalls in labor, so the image of land called the about 5 million tons, such as the use of 100 million tons by microbial fermentation into a feed, you can be equivalent to 400 billion kilograms of feed grain, feed grain in China each year, 50%. an annual output of 100,000 tons a single cell protein microbial factories that can produce the equivalent of 180 million mu of farmland production of soy protein, or 3 million mu of grassland cattle animal protein produced. In recent years, our country has produced bio-fertilizers, bio pesticides, veterinary drugs and antibiotics, vaccines , growth regulating agents. ()
blue sea to agriculture to food. China has 300 million square kilometers of ocean area, the potential of marine farming are also high. of 18,000 km of coastline, only within 200 meters of continental coastline development and utilization of offshore can have at least 22 million mu. According to the present study estimated that two acres of coastal land, an acre of fertile land with an area equivalent to the 11 million acres of blue is waiting for us to develop good land use. ()
appropriate protection of arable land is correct, because our grandparents to spend tremendous efforts reclaimed land, in agricultural applications of new technology has not been large-scale waste should not be before the rush, so be careful returning farmland to forest, and in addition to land, the future many ecological agriculture requires land (such as eco-energy). but there is no need to overreact, appropriate industrial land is necessary, do not affect the process of industrialization. ()
visible from the resource perspective, the food is not a problem. but m is a phenomenon worth noting that the lack of agricultural population that may affect China's food security. because of industrialization, as the city water like a sponge absorbing the rural labor force, but China as the family planning will result in the future over the rural farming population decreased, and rural farming The population structure malformations (the proportion of young adults too), resulting in reduced agricultural productivity. in the future China's food security threat is not the reduction of agricultural land, but farming's young farmers over decreased, no farming. () < br> 2005 in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, the labor force engaged in agricultural production were only 2.4% of the total population, 3.2%, 2.8%. As Japan and other regions of the food self-sufficiency rate of only 40%, means that Japan's food in a population of 100 40 individual food is a Japanese farmers from 2.4 (for each individual farmer to feed 16.7; U.S. farmers to more efficiently; the per capita agricultural land resources factors, the efficiency of China's future will be between Japan and the U.S. intervention), and 60 people's food is imported. Japan imported food is not enough arable land, but by the impact of international food prices. ()
Japan's national small to affect the international grain market, China must ensure an adequate labor force engaged in agriculture production, on the one hand to ensure grain self-sufficiency, on the other hand make full use of the vast agricultural land, or they will be a great loss. and the future structure of the international industrial structure and consumption may be adjusted, will increase the proportion of ecological agriculture (such as fuel ethanol, bio- diesel, bio-plastics are all required labor.) urbanization, when the labor force in the lessons, but also pay attention to the rural labor force structure and knowledge structure, if people are sick and elderly in the farming, the future will face food problem. ( )
If China had completely stopped in 1980, family planning, then, to 2035 when the labor force than the actual increase in more than 200 million, the 2 million people as long as 1 / 5 engaged in agricultural production, enough to feed all of the country has a population of half. ()
9, family planning hindered the process of urbanization in China
2005 years of China's first, second, the proportion of tertiary industry were 49% (29.7% of the total population), 22% 29%, equivalent to 1950 in Japan, South Korea, the situation in 1970. The Japanese population in 1980, the primary industry decreased to 10.4%, South Korea, the first industry in 1995, the population decreased to 12.5% [23] .22005, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, in labor force in agricultural production 4.6% respectively of the total labor force, 6.4%, 6%, respectively, 2.4% of the total population, 3.2%, 2.8%. These three regions account for the current population of the employed population of industrial employment, 30% (of the total population about 15%), service sector employment accounted for 64% of the employed population (accounting for about 32% of the total population). ()
China's urbanization process will not in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, as well as China's old age of the drag, the Chinese there had been no population structure in these regions so good. in Korea, for example, according to South Korean National Bureau of Statistics figures released in 2002, the elderly aged 65 and above the proportion of the total national population in 2000 was 7.3% ( the same level as in China), 2019, will reach 14%, to 2026 when more than 20%. Our population structure in South Korea as the the level of urbanization. China's future population situation?
2003 under the State Family Planning Commission forecast, 2035 China's elderly population will reach 65 292 million. now stop, and to encourage family planning, fertility, then China's total population by 2035 to reach 14.49 billion, compared to 20.1% in aging, which, according to the then, the Chinese population of only 1.254 billion by 2035, aging as high as 23.3%, which, according to the billion. ()
In other words, China wants to carry the 292 million into the city of the elderly population. One is to support so many elderly people, an objective the need to increase the labor force in agriculture and secondary industry (which is a rigid demand), On the other hand to take care of the elderly in rural areas, hindering their children into the city. In addition, China is not like Japan, South Korea, like a lot of food imports, leaving a sufficient number of workers needed in agriculture. resulted in the transfer of rural labor weakness, low proportion of tertiary industry, delayed the process of urbanization. the one hand, labor shortage, food shortage on the one hand, national leaders will face difficult decisions. ()
10, China's extensive model of development instead of style development. According to the NDRC data: In 2003 China's GDP accounted for only 4% of total world GDP, it consumes the equivalent of 30% of the global total primary energy and raw materials, of which oil accounted for 7.4 of total world %, iron and steel accounted for 27%, coal 31%, alumina 25%, 40% of cement. At present the output level of unit resources, the U.S. equivalent of 1 / 10, Japan 1 / 20 German 1 / 6 . Total Employment in the labor productivity is only about U.S. 1 / 46, Japan 1 / 41, France 1 / 34, Germany 1 / 32. Even in purchasing power, the consumption of resources per unit of GDP is far higher than the world average. ()
According to 33% lower than in developed countries by about 10 percentage points. steel, cement, paper and cardboard comprehensive energy consumption per unit of product than the international advanced level by 40%, 45% and 120%. In addition, the total recovery of mineral resources in China is probably is 30% lower than the advanced level of 20 percentage points; of building energy efficiency, building high-energy problems are acute, building energy consumption is higher than the advanced level more than 50% [24]. Our unit GDP energy consumption in Japan 7 times, 6 times the United States, or even 2.8 times that of India [25]. Since the low level of resource use, waste discharge standards in China is much higher than developed countries, each additional unit of GDP than in developed countries, wastewater discharge 4 times , unit of industrial output value of the solid waste more than 10 times higher than in developed countries. ()
advantage of China's most rational use of grassland resources are not, per capita consumption of dairy products in China is only 6 kg, 180 kg in Europe, USA 240 kg, 120 kg in Japan, India 80 kg. China is also very extensive use of grassland, feeding not standardized. unreasonable in the market, leading to a structural surplus of animal husbandry products, dairy products per capita in China is on the one hand less, herdsmen are forced to discard the other hand, a large number of pigs used to feed livestock or milk. inefficient use of China's grassland is another reason for the irrational industrial chain, such as that in the whole dairy milk production chain, processing and marketing of the profit ratio of 1:3.5:5.5, showing the interest of the majority of dairy farmers a minimum. herders in the whole industrial chain, because income is too low, in order to increase revenue, they can only overgrazing. normal farming make money some places on the export of black goat breeding, goat grass scratching hi, great destructive effect on the grassland, has paid a heavy price for m soil erosion, into a vicious cycle of poverty continues; and developed countries, little goats. China Many pastoralists or traditional stocking, big damage to the environment, and benefit from increased several times into captivity, there is no damage to the environment. For example, the raising of 220 long goat, if the original stocking methods, the need for 5,500 acres of pasture to ensure . But the switch to captivity, the 100 acres of pasture enough, and the annual output of each sheep flock has also increased more than 4 times the amount of [26]. can be seen as rational use and management of grassland resources in China there is huge potential. In recent years, done a good job in this area in Inner Mongolia, pastoral livestock products and increasing incomes, has also been restored pasture growth. vegetation cover of 13 million mu in 1999 increased to 17.5 million mu in 2004. ()
China per capita consumption of fresh water were equivalent to the world average of 1 / 4, but the Israeli equivalent of 9 times. China now has six provinces and autonomous regions (Ningxia, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Jiangsu) low per capita water resources than 500 cubic meters, but is higher than Israel. International experience shows that the concept of water as long as the correct, scientific and rational system of water use patterns, in the natural conditions in Israel than in many parts of western China is even worse, Israel 2 / 3 of the land is desert and barren mountains, only 260 cubic meters per capita water resources, due to the desert and other reasons, less available water resources. However, in order to overcome them water bottlenecks, The invention of the last century, the world's 60 most water-saving drip irrigation technology, and the construction of 145 km of water pipelines from the north water diversion into the desert. the effective utilization of irrigation water up to 80% or more, per cubic meter of water production capacity of 2 kg or more, and our only 0.87 kg [27]. Israel is also home to live on a heavy water-saving toilets have two buttons mm, with a small water urine, stool with a flood. ()
developed countries paid great attention to water conservation and the use of rain water, many countries and through the legal and tax measures to raise national awareness of water conservation, encourage the implementation of water recycling and rainwater utilization [28]. Before the new district is currently in Germany, regardless of industrial, commercial or residential area, are used to design stormwater facilities, absence of rainwater utilization measures, the government will levy fees and stormwater drainage facilities, drainage fees. the United States often used to enhance the natural rainwater infiltration capacity for the purpose. Some of the state legislature , the implementation of a compulsory . ()
country of Japan has a maritime climate, rain, water rich than that of China. However, lack of resources in Japan know the valuable water resources, water can be described as well-meaning in life. deep into the life of each aspects. For some people off the tap in public places, the phenomenon of forgetting, Japan adopted the approach of installing sensors. a lot of squatting-type toilet flushing toilet when the points difference between the good times out of water. major companies in the development of home appliances products when they pay attention to water conservation. Some stores even provided equipment such as toilet water saving must be to sell. For example, every household in Japan to use water-saving toilets to save water than traditional toilets more than 30%. Hitachi has developed the third generation of washing machines washing machine water is only 40% of the second generation [29]. Japan has also established a water system, is to bath water, washing machines, water drainage and other life concentrated in one, through treatment, after purification, and then used to flush toilets, washing , road watering, watering flowers and trees, etc. [30]. ()
However, the Chinese are generally not water-saving awareness. very serious waste of water, is the world's poorest spendthrift [31]. Chinese cities and the North per capita water rich in resources does not, however, China is the largest country in the world's water consumption. Only in 2002, the national water consumption reached 549.7 billion cubic meters to take, about the world in 13% of the amount taken, the United States in 1995, the supply of fresh water 470 billion cubic meters of about 1.2 times. output efficiency of water per cubic meter, the world average is 37 U.S. dollars, China's only 2 dollars, 93 dollars the United Kingdom, Japan is $ 55, Germany $ 51 million in GDP in China .2002 water 537 cubic meters, equivalent to 4 times the world average; industrial water recycling rate of less than 60%, far lower than developed countries the level of 75% m85%, steel production units such as the international advanced level than water several times or even several times higher; agricultural irrigation water use coefficient is only 0.4m0.45, well below the advanced level of 0.7m0.8. ()
is a serious shortage of water in Ningxia region, is the water at least one of the provinces, but in some parts of Ningxia, about a year per acre of rice poured more than 2000 cubic meters of water, an acre of wheat had more than 1200 cubic meters of water. the general utilization of water resources in rural China is only about 40% . In Ningxia, rice consumption per kg over two tonnes. flood irrigation of crops not only no good, but is caused by soil salinization of the most fundamental reason. ()
by a large number of over-exploitation of groundwater in Hebei Province to cover up the extreme shortage of this important fact.
in Henan, street washing, lawn maintenance, etc. are used in tap water, some high-end bath, beauty shop, not only water and more, and the lack of wastewater recycling equipment, fixed assets investment in demonstration projects almost no water content, some high water consumption industries to extensive way inexorably consume increasingly scarce water resources. ()
China's current urban water price is low, the Government introduced subsidies on the loss ....
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